Amazing Ancient Indian Inventions That Changed The World Today.

India has to its credit one of the oldest civilization in the world. There are a lot of significant contributions that India has made to the world in the field of art, science, mathematics and so on. A lot of modern day inventions are based on the principals that were created in India right from the mythological age. Take a look at the amazing ancient Indian inventions that changed the world today.

 

1. The number system was invented in India. Aryabhatta invented Zero

 
Source: via commons.wikimedia.org

 

2. India established world’s first university in Takshila in 700BC. Nalanda University was established in 4th century BC

Source: via hitxp.com

3. Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry and Calculus originated from India

 Source: via flinders.edu.au

 

4. Most of the European languages are originated from Sanskrit

 Source: via christusrex.org

 

5. Ayurveda, one of the oldest school of medicines was invented in India

 
Source: via osloayurveda.com

 

6. Binary number system used in computers and digital devices was invented in India

Source: via sindphana.blogspot.com

 

7. The value of ‘pi’ was first discovered in India by Budhayana. He also explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem in the 6th century, ages before the European Mathematicians

Source: via ixl

 

8. Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun in the 5th century, many years before the astronomer Smart

Source: via globalwarmingwarriors.com

 

9. Ancient Indian philosophers were well aware of the theory of relativity

 
Source: via daniel-irimia.com

 

10. USA based IEEE has proved that wireless communication was first invented by an Indian scientist Professor Jagdish Chandra Bose

 
Source: via simplydecoded.com

11. Astronomy originated in India

 

Source: via hyd-masti.com

 

12. Sushruta is known as the father of surgery. Over 2,600 years ago, Sushruta along with his team conducted complicated surgeries like  cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones. He even conducted brain surgeries and plastic surgery. He and his team conducted more than 3,000 surgeries with help of more than 120 surgical tools

Source: via pinterest.com

 

13. Chess also known as Chaturanga was invented in India during Gupta empire in the 6th century

 
Source: via indodesignerrugs.com

 

14. The game of snake and ladders was invented in India in the 13th century by saint Gyandev. The game was originally called ‘Mokshapat,’ and gone through several modifications since its invention

 Source: via vam.ac.uk

 

15. Buddhism and Jainism originated in India

 
Source: via simplydecoded.com

 

16. Called as Indus Valley Civilization, Indians established Harappan culture as one of first civilizations of the world

 
Source: via thenagain.info

 

17. Yoga was invented in India

 Source: via yoganonymous.com

 

18. Buttons were discovered in the Indus Valley Civilization almost 5000 years ago

Source: originsofthings.blogspot.in

 

19. Crescograph, a device to measure growth in plants, was invented by Professor Jagdish Chandra Bose in the 20th century

Source: Wikipedia

 

20. Board game Ludo is a modified version of an India-invented game ‘Pachisi’

Image reddit: childfriendlynews.com

21. Ruler was invented during the reigns of Indus Valley Civilizations. Rulers were made of ivory those days

Source: photo-dictionary.com

 

22. India is one of the first countries to have made globes, a model of earth, called ‘Goladipika’

Image Source: Wikipedia

 

 23. Shampoo was invented in India during British Raj. Those days, hair dressers use to boil soap and others herbs to give shine and fragnance to hair. The word Shampoo has derived from a Hindi word ‘Champo,’ which means to press or soothe

 Source: Image Credits

 

24. Flush Toilets were first used in the Indus Valley Civilization. The townships of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had flush toilet systems in all the houses connected to sewage system

 Image Credits: static.ddmcdn.com

 

25. India was one of first countries to use Ink for writing. It is believed that many Indian scripts including epics Ramayana and Mahabharata was written using ink made of plant extracts

Image Source: Wikipedia

 

There are so many ‘firsts’ that happened in India before the rest of the world got to know about them. Even today, Indian doctors, scientists, engineers and other professional not only have a high demand globally but also command a lot of respect for the contribution in their respective fields.

 Amazing Ancient Indian Inventions, Aryabhatta invented Zero,  Nalanda University, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry, Calculus, Sanskrit, Ayurveda, Binary number system, The value of pi, Budhayana, Budhayana, theory of relativity, Jagdish Chandra Bose, IEEE, Astronomy, the father of surgery, Chess also known as Chaturanga, The game of snake and ladders, Buddhism and Jainism, Called as Indus Valley Civilization, Yoga, Buttons, Crescograph, Board game Ludo,  Pachisi, Ruler, globes, Goladipika, Shampoo,  Flush Toilets, Ink for writing,

IIBF Application Form 2014

IIBF 2014 Application Form

• Last Date for Applying JAIIB Nov 2014 Application Online : 31st August, 2014

• Last Date for Applying CAIIB Nov 2014 Application Online : 3rd September, 2014

IIBF 2014 Application Form for JAIIB & CAIIB

1. IIBF JAIIB Nov Examination Application Forms will be available at Indian Institute of Banking & Finance Website www.iibf.org.in which could be downloaded and filled in.
2. JAIIB Application Forms will also be available at IIBF Institute’s Zonal Offices, Corporate Office and also at such other centres / offices as may be notified from time to time.
3. IIBF JAIIB Nov Application Forms duly filled in ( for the detailed instructions refer the JAIIB Examination Application Form ) along with requisite JAIIB examination fee should be submitted to the respective Zonal Office at Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi & Kolkata.
4. IIBF Institute accepts no responsibility for delay or inconvenience arising from the candidate’s failure to reach the examination application Form in time or if the form is incomplete or failure to furnish all the essential information about himself / herself and the details of his / her examination.
5. IIBF JAIIB Application form once submitted cannot be withdrawn and fees will not be refunded / adjusted.

IIBF 2014 Examination Fees

Name of the Exam	Attempts	For Members ( )
JAIIB	First Block of 2 attempts	2697
	Second Block of 2 attempts	2697
CAIIB	First Block of 2 attempts	3034
	Second Block of 2 attempts	3034

Members may opt any of the following modes for submission of application and making payment of fees :

1. Payment by cash in any of the AXIS or SBI Branches, using the IIBF payment challan, mentioning the membership number and examination for which applied.
2. Payment challan can be printed from IIBF Website www.iibf.org.in under Courses / Examinations and also available on request at the Zonal Offices. Each payment challan downloaded / obtained from the Zonal Offices can only be used by a single candidate.
3. Payment by Demand Draft / Pay order in favour of “Indian Institute of Banking & Finance” and made payable at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata or New Delhi ( depending upon the zonal office to which the member belongs ). Members are also requested to write the membership number & name on back side of the Demand Draft / Pay order.
4. For IIBF JAIIB online submission of application form and payment through IIBF Website www.iibf.org.in.
5. Candidates are requested to submit their IIBF JAIIB Application Forms along with payment to the respective zonal office to which they belong. The address of zonal offices are as follows :

1. Northern Zonal Office : Indian Institute of Banking & Finance, 109-113, Vikrant Towers, 1st Floor, 4, Rajendra Place, New Delhi - 110 008. Telephone No. : 011 - 25752191 - 92 Fax : 011-25752193 E-mail : iibnz@iibf.org.in.	2. Eastern Zonal Office : Indian Institute of Banking & Finance, 408, "Anandlok", A' Block, 4th Floor, 227, Acharya J. C. Bose Road, Kolkata - 700 020. Telephone No. : 033 - 22809681 / 82 / 83 Fax : 033 - 22809680 E-mail : iibez@iibf.org.in.
3. Western Zonal Office : Indian Institute of Banking & Finance, 191 - F, Maker Towers, 19th Floor, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai - 400 005. Telephone No. : 022 - 22183302 / 22185134 Fax : 022 - 22180845 E-mail : iibwz@iibf.org.in.	4. Southern Zonal Office : Indian Institute of Banking & Finance, No. 94, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, ( 100 Feet Road ) Opp. to Hotel Ambica Empire, Vadapalani, Chennai - 600 026. Telephone No. : 044 - 24722990, 24727961 Fax : 044 - 24726966 E-mail : iibsz@iibf.org.in.

IIBF 2014 Admit Card

1. IIBF Institute’s zonal office will issue JAIIB Examination Admit Letter containing details of venue and time of the examination.
2. Permanent Membership Identity Card is issued by the respective Zonal Office at the time of IIBF admission as a member or renewal of membership.
3. The IIBF JAIIB Examination Admit Letter along with the Permanent Membership Identity Card should be produced to the Examination Authority in the JAIIB Examination venue for identification.
4. In absence of the JAIIB Examination Admit Letter / Permanent Membership Identity Card, the candidate is liable to be denied permission in the examination venue.
5. IIBF JAIIB / CAIIB Nov 2014 Admit Card will be available one week before the date of examination. Candidates who do not receive the admit card by post may download it from IIBF Website www.iibf.org.in.

IIBF JAIIB Nov Syllabus 2014

Paper 1 – Principles & Practices of Banking
Objective :
The candidates would be able to acquire knowledge in the following :

• Various functions associated with banking.
• Practice and procedures relating to deposit and credit, documentation, monitoring and control.
• An insight into marketing of banking services and banking technology.

Module A : Indian Financial System

1. Recent developments in the Indian Financial System; market structure and Financial Innovation. RBI, SEBI, IRDA etc. their major functions.
2. Role and Functions of Banks – Regulatory provisions / enactments governing Banks, Retail Banking : Approach, Products, Marketing etc.,
3. Retail Banking : Approach, Products, Marketing etc.,
4. Wholesale Banking; International Banking,
5. Role and Functions of Capital Markets,
6. Role and Functions of Mutual Funds,
7. Role and Functions of Insurance Companies – Bank assurance.
8. Importance of Risk Management in Banks types of Risk – Impact and Management Factoring & Forfeiting,
9. Alliances / mergers / consolidation.
10. ADR / GDR / Off Balance Sheet Items,
11. Participatory Notes,
12. Credit Information Bureau Ltd.,
13. Fair Practices for Debt Collection,
14. Basel – II,
15. Banking Codes and Standard Boards.

Module B : Functions of Banks
I. Deposits :

1. Banker – Customer relations – Know your Customer ( KYC ) guidelines – Different Deposit Products – services rendered by Banks – Mandate and Power of Attorney;
2. Banker’s lien – right of set off – garnishee order – Income tax attachment order etc.
3. Payment and collection of Cheque – duties and responsibilities of paying and collecting banker – protection available to paying and collecting banker under NI Act – endorsements – forged instruments – bouncing of cheques and their implications.
4. Opening of accounts for various types of customers – minors – joint account holders – HUF -
   firms – companies – trusts – societies – Government and public bodies Importance of AML.

II. Credit :
Principles of lending – various credit Products / Facilities – working capital and term loans – Credit Appraisal Techniques – Approach to lending; – credit management – credit monitoring – NPA Management.
Different types of documents; Documentation Procedures; Stamping of documents Securities – Different modes of charging – types of collaterals and their characteristics Priority Sector Lending – Sectors – Targets – Issues / problems – recent developments – Financial Inclusion.
III. Agriculture / SMEs / SHGs / SSI / Tiny Sector Financing
New Products & Services – Factoring, Securitisation, Bancassurance, Mutual Funds etc. Credit Cards / Home Loans / Personal Loans / Consumer Loans – Brief outline of procedures and practices. Ancillary Services : Remittances, Safe Deposit lockers etc.
Module C : Banking Technology
Electronic Banking – Core Banking – Electronic Products Banking Technology – Distribution Channels – Teller Machines at the Bank Counters – Cash Dispensers – ATMs – Anywhere Anytime Banking – Home Banking ( Corporate and Personal ) Electronic Payment Systems.
On line Banking – Online enquiry and update facilities – Personal identification numbers and their use in conjunction with magnetic cards of both credit and debit cards, smart cards, signature storage and display by electronic means, cheque truncation, microfiche, note and coin counting devices.
Electronic funds transfer systems – plain messages ( Telex or data communication ) – structured messages ( SWIFT, etc.. ) – RTGS
Information Technology – Current Trends – Banknet, RBI net, Datanet, Nicnet, I-net, Internet, E-mail, etc. – Role and uses of technology up gradation – Global developments in Banking Technology – Information Technology in finance and service delivery Impact of Technology on Banks – Protecting the confidentiality and secrecy of data – effect on customers and service quality – Computer Audit – Information System Audit. Information System Security and Disaster Management.

Module D : Support Services – Marketing of Banking Services / Products.
Marketing Management – Meaning, Importance and Functions – Marketing of Services – Product Research & Development – Test Marketing of Bank Products – Product Life Cycle – Product Modification – New Product Development – Packaging and Branding of Bank Products – Diversification – Pricing of Bank Products and Services – Objectives, Strategies and Methods – Factors Influencing the Pricing Decisions, Importance of Pricing. Distribution – Factors Influencing – Direct and Indirect Channels of Bank Products – Physical Distribution – Channel Functions and Services – Promotion – Promotion Mix and Role of Promotion in Marketing – Marketing Information Systems.
Role of DSA / DMA in Bank Marketing
Channel Management
Selling Function in a Bank
Portfolio and Wealth Management
Tele Marketing / Mobile Phone Banking.

Paper 2 : Accounting & Finance for Bankers
Objective :
The candidate would be able to acquire the knowledge of the basics of financial mathematics and basics of accountancy and develop an understanding of the basic financial concepts.
Module A : Basics of Business Mathematics

• Calculation of Simple Interest and Compound Interest – Fixed and Floating Interest Rates – Calculation of EMIs – Calculation of front end and back end interest – Calculation of Annuities – Calculation of provisions for NPA and risk weights for Basel II – Interest calculation using products / balances.
• Bonds – Calculation of YTM – Duration – Bond Pricing – Premium and Discount – Bond valuation rules Preliminary Method, Definition of Debt, Rules on Compounding in respect of Loan Accounts, Penal interest etc.
• Capital Budgeting – Discounted cash flow – net present value – pay back methods Depreciation – different types – methods of calculation Foreign Exchange Arithmetic for beginners.

Module B : Accounting in Banks / Branches
Definition & Scope and Accounting Standards – Nature and purpose of accounting; historical perspectives – Origins of accounting principles accounting standards and its definition and Scope. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles – USA, Transfer Price Mechanism, Basic Accountancy Procedures – Concepts of Accountancy – Entity going concern – Double entry systems, Principles of conservatism – revenue recognition and realization – accrual and cash basis.
Record keeping basics – Account Categories – Debit and Credit Concepts – Journalizing – Maintenance of Cash / Subsidiary Books and Ledger – Trial Balance – Adjusting and Closing Entries – Day Book and General Ledger Posting.
Module C : Bank Accounting and Balance Sheet
Rules for bank accounts, cash / clearing / transfer vouchers / system – subsidiary book and main day book – General Ledger – Branch v/s Bank Accounts Bank Balance Sheet Structure – accounts – categories – Assets, Liabilities and Net Worth Components.
Accounting for NPA / Provisioning / Suit Filed Accounts. Preparation of Final Accounts – Final Accounts of Banking Companies. Disclosure requirements.
Module D : Other Accounts
Partnership accounts – partner’s fixed capital accounts – Current accounts – loan accounts – treatment of intangibles like goodwill – admission / retirement / death of partner. Company accounts – classes of Share Capital – issue / forfeiture of Shares – issue of Bonus Shares.
Bank Reconciliation Statement – Capital & Revenue Expenditure / Depreciation / Inventory Valuation / Bill of Exchange / Consignment Account / Joint Venture – Special Accounts – Leasing and Hire – Purchase Company accounts – Accounts of Non – Trading Concerns – Accounting from incomplete records – Receipts and Payments Account – Income and Expenditure Account – Ratio Analysis.
Accounting from incomplete records – Receipts and Payments Account – Income and Expenditure Account, Ratio Analysis.

Module E : Computerized Accounting
Accounting in electronic environment – methods – procedures – security – rectification. Core banking environment is to be highlighted. Standard books maintained for different accounts are to be shown as model.
Paper 3 : Legal & Regulatory Aspects of Banking Operations
Objectives :
The candidates would be able to acquire knowledge in :

• The Legal & Regulatory framework of the banking system.
• The various Laws and Enactments affecting day to day Banking Operations.

Module A : Regulations and Compliance
The questions in this section will be with reference to legal issues and problems.
A. Provisions of RBI Act 1935, Banking Regulation Act 1949 Banking Companies. ( Acquisition and transfer of undertakings Act 1970 & 1980 )
B. Government and RBI’s powers :

• Opening of new banks and branch licensing
• Constitution of board of directors and their rights
• Banks share holders and their rights
• CRR / SLR concepts
• Cash / currency management
• Winding up – amalgamation and mergers
• Powers to control advances – selective credit control – monetary and credit policy
• Audit and Inspection
• Supervision and control – board for financial supervision – its scope and role
• Disclosure of accounts and balance sheets
• Submission of returns to RBI etc.
• Corporate Governance

Module B : Legal aspects of banking operations
Case laws on responsibility of paying / collecting banker Indemnities / guarantees – scope and application – obligations of a banker – precautions and rights – laws relating to bill finance, LC and Deferred Payments – Laws relating to securities – valuation of securities – modes of charging securities – lien, pledge, mortgage, hypothecation etc – registration of firms / companies – creation of charge and satisfaction of charge.

Module C : Banking Related Laws
Law of limitation – Provisions of Bankers Book Evidence Act – Special features of Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993

1. TDS
2. Banking Cash Transaction Tax
3. Service Tax
4. Asset Reconstruction Companies

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002

1. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986
2. Banking Ombudsman
3. Lok Adalats
4. Lender’s Liability Act

Module D : Commercial Laws with reference to Banking Operations
Indian Contract Act, 1872 ( Indemnity, Guarantee, Bailment, Pledge and Agency etc ) The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 ( Sale and Agreement to Sell, Definitions, Conditions and Warranties, Express and Implied, Right of unpaid Seller etc ).
The Companies Act, 1956 Definition, Features of Company, Types of Companies, Memorandum, Articles of Association, Doctrines of Ultravires, indoor Management and Constructive Notice, Membership of Company – Acquisition – Cessation, Rights and Duties of members and register of members, Prospects and Directors.
Indian Partnership Act, 1932 Definition and types of partnership, relation of partners to one another – Relation of partners to third parties, Minor admitted to the benefits of Partnership, Dissolution of firm, Effect of non – registration – The Transfer of Property Act.

1. Foreign Exchange Management Act 2000
2. Prevention of Money Laundering Act
3. Right to Information Act
4. Information Technology Act